Underwater electromagnetic communications

Underwater electromagnetic communications Underwater communication using an em-wave:- Underwater electromagnetic communications have been investigated since the very early days of radio communication and again received considerable attention during the 1970s.in those days only the extremely low frequency (ELF) submarine communications system is believed to be the only successfully devolved subsea electromagnetic application. Its implementation was only one way communication to call individual at surface of higher bandwidth using terrestrial radio. Under water networking is a rather unexplored area although underwater communications have been experimented since 2nd world war. In 1945 an underwater telephone was developed in the United States to communicate with submarines. And also underwater sensors and nodes must possess self configuration capabilities like should b able to coordinate their operation by exchanging configuration, location and movement information, and relay monitored data to an onshore station. Water conductivity:- Water in its pure form is an insulator, but as found in its natural state, it contains dissolved salts and other matter which makes it a partial conductor, as so in case of the sea water its becomes more conductive medium than normal water. The higher its conductivity, the greater the attenuation of radio signals which pass through it. As the attenuation of the signal increases the signal strength decreases and its leads to difficulties in propagation of the signal. Conductivity of the water varies both with the salinity and temperature. Average conductivity of the sea is normally considered to be about 4 mhos per meter. What this means that one meter cube of sea water has a conductivity of 4 mhos or a resistance of 0.25 ohm, (its reciprocal). Attenuation:- Attenuation of radio waves in water (any conducting medium) increases both with increase in conductivity and increase in frequency. It can be calculated from the following formula: Attenuation (ÃŽ ±) in db/meter = 0.0173√ (fÏÆ') Where f = frequency in hertz And ÏÆ' = conductivity in mhos/metre From the figure below states Attenuation as a function of frequency for conductive saline water verses normal water .attenuation in saline or conductive water is very high. It is necessary to use very low frequencies (10 kHz -200 MHz) where attenuation would be very low as in order of 3.5 to 10db per metre. Underwater attenuation (VS) frequency Losses at the surface due to refraction or interfaces:- As the em waves had pass through the two different medium like water and air they undergo refraction when the wave travels from the air medium to the water medium and this are also important so they can be calculated as by the formula Refraction loss (db) = 20 log {(7.4586/106) x √ (f/ÏÆ')} As this losses plays a vital role in the performance of the system to avoid such looses we can connect an antenna to the terrestrial system hanging it into the water and could reduce the loose and in sea water this looses would be high and in the vicinity 60db for lower frequency. As compared in the sea and normal water the loss decrease with increase in frequency in the figure below we would illustrate the graph between the sea and normal related with the frequency. Air to water looses are very less in the normal water it would as lees as 27db and when in sea water it would be normally between 60 to 70 db. Wavelength in water:- The wavelength of the wave signal transmitted wouldnt be same in the water as would be in the air it would a fraction of the original expected signal as shown below Wavelength (ÃŽ ») in meters = 1000 √ {10 / (fÏÆ')} And hence taking all this effects on the wave due to the underwater communication. The communication through the underwater had been developing many process and methods to develop to communication underwater. either using the sound signal or the light signal as they the sound and light are used as means of communication in various fields and hence the method that is used with the sound signal is the acoustic communication and that used after the light is the optical communication they have got their own advantages and disadvantages due to several factors influencing them directly or indirectly. As to over the defects of each the other came into existence and the acoustic and the optical methods of communication would be referred later in our discussion and the latest and upcoming means of underwater communication is the electromagnetic wave propagation underwater. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1353478isnumber=29739 http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2867858/RF-Communications-under-water http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5158896 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=5158896isnumber=5158801tag=1 http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1350000/1347372/p23-partan.pdf?key1=1347372key2=7686568521coll=GUIDEdl=GUIDECFID=56483254CFTOKEN=36576706 http://its-nl.org/doc/OIL__GAS_WELLS_RF_PROPAGATION_1st_Edition.pdf http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12533584/Introduction-to-RF-propagation As electromagnetic propagation through water is very different from propagation through air because of waves high permittivity and electrical conductivity like plane wave attenuation is high compared to air and increases rapidly with frequency Through water, full bandwidth, low range, analogue voice communication was found to be impractical and so rapidly it developed an opinion as electromagnetic signals had no application in the underwater environment Re-evolution of em capabilities:- As both the acoustic and optical wireless subsea systems have the disadvantages and so the electromagnetic wave subsea system comes into existence. As the electromagnetic signaling transmission using different mechanism. Many of the investigation had proved that electromagnetic signaling coupled with digital technology and signal compression techniques would provide many advantages which can be suitable for underwater application. As the electromagnetic waves would be more attenuated in water than that of the air. Conductivity of the sea water would be 4s/m were in fresh water its mille-s/m range comparatively less than the sea water. Losses in the water are mainly due to the effect of conduction on the conductive field component. The below parameters shows the variation frequency parameters in fresh and sea water in conductivity. Water relative permeability = Â µ = 1 Water relative permittivity = ÃŽ µ = 80 Sea water conductivity (typ) = ÏÆ' = 4 s/m Fresh water conductivity (typ) = ÏÆ' = 0.01 s/m

Black Men and Public Spaces Essay

The name of the story is Black Men and Public Spaces. It was written by Brent Staples in 1986. Brent Staples is a black man who whenever in public is met with fear from others because of his race’s stereotype. Feeling like a potential perpetrator can be just as unnerving as feeling like a potential victim. Staples has the ability to alter public space by his physical behavior, his dress and his verbal reaction. Black men have a reputation of being rapist, murders and gang members, therefore many people get worried when a young black man is around. So Staples has learned how to change his perception or level of threat to others. He accomplishes this by his physical behavior. The way he walks or acts around others can change there mood. Now Staples notices if people are frightened by him. Brent Staples attempts to introduce people to something most all are guilty of, but pay little attention to. Using accounts from his own and others’ experiences, Staples essay portrays the racist tendency of people to assume black men are potentially violent and dangerous. Stereotypes are so common in our world today and people don’t even notice how bad they portray it. I hate seeing that a man had to force himself to change the way he acts and portrays himself in public. Why should someone change their ways? It made me think of a time when I was getting gas on Green River Road near Washington Avenue. I was almost done when a car with two black men pulled up and stepped out of their car. I was nervous so I stopped and got into my car real quick. Now that I think about it those men weren’t doing anything, just grabbing some late night food. How could I be that bad of a person? I know now that was wrong of me and I’m working on it. I hope someday society will realize what they are doing and change it. Not just for their sake but for mankind. Staples was viewed as a rapist, murder, and etcetera, all because he was a black man. But in reality he was just as uncomfortable as everyone who looked at him differently. Brent Staples tries to make people aware of what they are guilty of and someday all will realize.

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Why British Men Enlisted in the British Army in 1914 Essay

Why British Men Enlisted in the British Army in 1914 When Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, Europe erupted. The Austro-Hungarian Empire invaded Serbia; Russia sends troops to its borders with Austria and Hungary. Germany declares war on Russia and France and marches into Belgium and Britain declares war with Germany and her allies. Although Britain already had a well-trained professional army, it was far too small to be able to stand a chance against the huge German army that was more than three times its size. As a result of this Lord Kitchener immediately went on a recruiting campaign calling on all men aged between 19 and 30 to enlist in the British Army. There was a huge response,†¦show more content†¦Posters were very effective and created a picture of Germans who would run their bayonets through women and rape them. Lord Derby had the idea of pals battalions, these were battalions of people who volunteered to join the army in the same area. This scheme inspired local and civic pride, this meant that soldiers would not just be fighting for the British Empire, but for their town or city and friend and family. This was particularly effective as it encouraged friend to enlist at the same time, if one was left behind there would be no one they new. It had a similar effect as peer pressure - if you did not join up you considered a coward by your friends. This worked well in North England and Scotland, where places like Hull raised four regiments and three regiments from Liverpool went over the top of the trenches on the first day. Women too played a vital role in the recruitment process. The Order of the White Feather was a group that encouraged women to hand out white feathers to men not in uniform in public as a sign of cowardice - the white feather being a symbol a coward. This really pushed men to go as they would not want to be seen as a coward in public. The suffragists used their considerable publicity machine to call on men to join the army. The mothers union produced posters urging mothers to get their sons to enlist. Some posters published byShow MoreRelatedAustralia s Involvement During World War I911 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia’s involvement in World War 1 was very important. World War 1 went from July 28th 1914 to November 11th 1918. It lasted 4 years over in Europe before it died down to a complete stop. There were long term tensions that caused the war and there were a lot of treaties and alliances involved. World War 1 started when Germany and Britain went to war on July 28th 1914. The war outbreak was greeted with great enthusiasm in Australia and other countries all over the world. There were many causesRead MoreAustralia As A Part Of The Commonwealth1501 Words   |  7 Pagesand patriotically defended Great Britain at the outbreak of World War One (WWI) in 1914. At an individual level, Australians of all ages and backgrounds enlisted to fight in WWI for various and complex reasons. Some volunteered to experience adventure and to realise glory, some caved into peer pressure, and some simply enlisted out of boredom. However the fundamental and central motive as to why Australians enlisted was out of loyalty to ‘King and Country’. Through the close evaluation of primaryRead MoreThe World War I And The Great War1560 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War One , also known as the Great War was a global war fought between the allied powers and the central powers from July 1914 to Nov ember 1918. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand led to the outbreak of world war one. Franz Ferdinand was the arch duke of Austrian-Hungarian Empire and was considered as the heir of the Empires monarchy throne. However there was many other factors that caused world war one. 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Motivation System - 2626 Words

Introduction Motivation is a process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior induced by the expectation of satisfying individual needs. It is the major determinants of our behaviors. By understand the motives, you can influence staff’s behaviors. Especially with the shift towards a more socially and culturally responsive workforce, ability to motivate your staff is becoming one of the most important assets of an organization. Motivation System of my Organization In organizational context, managers must identify the reasons behind in achievement of goals set by the staffs and understand the aspiration and needs of the employees in order to motivate them as appropriate to reach organization’s objective (in the context of their†¦show more content†¦In addition, there will be very major difference on compensation package between local staff and expatriates in terms basic salary standard, academic sponsorship for children, rental reimbursement etc. To design and determine the motivation plan for each staff, my company encourages involvement of staff him/herself via yearly staff appraisal evaluation system. Every year, manager will conduct annual performance appraisal with subordinates in order to review the job performance for the previous year as well as to set the performance target for the following year. This annual event will be promoted around beginning of Q4 to encourage staff to start the self-assessment before hold the discussion with the direct appraiser. During the evaluation discussion, staff performance will be reviewed and feedback in order for both appraisees and appraisers to understand each other perspectives. It also helps appraisers to understand the real needs of the appraisees in order to lay down the appropriate set of goals and development plan for the staff. This set of key performance indicator becomes the set of essential goals that drive the staff to perform better as well as encourage staff to take a ccountability and commit on the targets they have agreed with the managers. Moreover staff’s performance together with staff turnover rate, staff performance, and absenteeism, union dispute etc, will also served as a indicator or feedback on theShow MoreRelatedMotivation/Reward System1404 Words   |  6 PagesEssay 1: Motivation/Reward System by Blake P. 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The Destruction Of The American Dream English Literature Essay Free Essays

The American Dream is a journey through life that people venture out on to accomplish ends, fiscal stableness and felicity. One can state that dreams went manus in manus with strength and hope. Although that is true, the clip of the 1920 ‘s dreams were tainted by the demand of mercenary points and munificent life styles. We will write a custom essay sample on The Destruction Of The American Dream English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Author Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald reveals the devastation of the American dream through symbolism in the life of Jay Gatsby. Gatsby is determined to resuscitate his past immature love affair with the love of his life, Daisy Buchanan but unluckily his dream is destroyed because of his greed. Gatsby knows that he wants something and person that he can ne’er hold. Jay Gatsby destroys the opportunity of holding a normal life when he pushes himself to make an impossible end of being with Daisy for the remainder of his life ; desiring to do her his married woman. In order to be the adult male she ‘ll of all time desire and necessitate, he changed himself from a hapless adult male who is James Gatz to a successful Jay Gatsby. This end greatly impacted his life and would alter him everlastingly. His thrust was so strong that he had even gone through with such illegal behaviours such as bootlegging. The lone ground why Gatsby had invested so much clip to go wealthy is merely because he knew this is what Daisy needed in adult male. Gatsby knew that Daisy would ne’er get married a adult male without fiscal stableness and security, so Gatsby worked himself to be a adult male that Daisy could get married. No affair how hard he tried to be a suited adult male for Daisy, Gatsby would ne’er hold the opportunity to marry his love. A A A A After Gatsby has established himself as a successful adult male, he feels ready to reunite with Daisy. Now cognizing Gatsby is the perfect adult male, the love of her life that evidently has a batch of money ; Daisy begins to pass her clip reminiscing about the love they shared. Gatsby still remains highly close to Daisy, invariably prosecuting her and wishing that one twenty-four hours she will portion the feelings he has and would desire to be with him everlastingly. Towards the terminal of the novel, it can be seen that Daisy will non go forth the life she has now to be with Gatsby. Gatsby is â€Å" †¦ left standing in the moonlight-watching over nil † ( 153 ) . â€Å" And as I sat at that place, dwelling on the old unknown universe, I thought of Gatsby ‘s admiration when he foremost picked out the green visible radiation at the terminal of Daisy ‘s dock. He had come a long manner to this bluish lawn and his dream must hold seemed so near that he could barely neglect to hold on it. He did non cognize that it was already behind himaˆÂ ¦ . † ( 189 ) The green visible radiation symbolizes a hope and dream of Gatsby ‘s hereafter with daisy. Although his bosom pushes him frontward and he remains strong, his dreams are destroyed by his stuff ownerships, much like how the American society is now with it ‘s compulsion with wealth. Gatsby ‘s dream dies because of sloppiness and shallowness. Gatsby reaches for his hopes, ranges for the green visible radiation as if he was a worshipper of some kind. His mission of deriving Daisy is a religious one and non merely a physical enterprise. â€Å" He was a boy of Go d – a phrase which, if it means anything, means merely that – and he must be about His Father ‘s concern, the service of a huge, vulgar, and meretricious beauty. So he invented merely the kind of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old male child would be probably to contrive, and to this construct he was faithful to the terminal. † ( 63 ) The symbolism in The Great Gatsby, show that the American dream has been corrupted. Gatsby has finally corrupted himself and his ain dream before he even set out to accomplish it. He fails in his mission because of the mercenary success he must possess to fulfill the love of his life. So hence, his dream fails before he even begins. So, Gatsby ‘s dreams become merely another hope, another visible radiation at the terminal of Daisy ‘s dock. â€Å" Gatsby believed in the green visible radiation, the orgiastic hereafter that twelvemonth by twelvemonth recedes before us. It eluded us so, but that ‘s no affair – tomorrow we will run quicker, stretch out our weaponries farther aˆÂ ¦ And one mulct forenoon – So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back endlessly into the yesteryear. † ( 115 ) Gatsby ‘s life was led by dishonest success and unanswered love. He abandoned a life of being potentially a better individual from his earlier life. Gatsby was foolish and threw his life off to derive Daisy ‘s love. He wanted more than he could of all time manage emotionally or physically have. She ruined his life. Scott Fitzgerald is capable to capturing an of import word picture of how the American dream was destroyed and how it affected work forces like Gatsby. Gatsby ‘s being in West Egg was wholly for Daisy. Gatsby changed who he was to suit into Daisy ‘s life. Gatsby merely wanted to be the adult male that was able to hold Daisy and in the terminal they both ruined him and ne’er reunited. 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Teaching free essay sample

The teaching hospital and the medical school had only one top official in common-the provost. The unusual nature of the financial arrangements was a big problem. Patients paid for professional services, but the revenues went into department funds, which were controlled by the department chairs. The hospital, on the other hand, turned in all patient- revenue incomes to the state. The working conditions and compensation were much better in the medical school than those in the hospital. There was a serious lack of coordination in the integration of medical school faculty into hospital functions. Dr. Robert Uric, head of the renal unit was one exception. The hospital employees with whom he worked all liked him very much. One of the reasons was he often shared his grant monies with the hospital employees in his unit whenever it was possible. Dr. Uric took the renal unit as his home and his favorite child financially and emotionally. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The renal unit was a cheerful place under the leadership of Uric. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) supported Dr. Uric with several federal grants to do research on kidney transplantation. In the research Dr. Uric discovered a fluid that could keep the cut stem end from closing. According to the grant agreement, Uric reported his discovery to NIH. NIH officials did not want it. Uric sold the fluid to a big nursery-supply manufacturer; the firm named it Flower Life, and began mass-producing. NIH regretted and filed suit at a sudden, the story was widely spread across the nation on newspapers. The faculty concerned the story would make a bad influence on the reputation of the school, and Uric was moved to another new unit. The executive committee promoted Dr. George Conrad (the chief resident of renal medicine) to replace Uric’s position after the removal of Uric. Serious personnel problems arose in the dialysis unit not long after Conrad took the position. B y the end of the first month employees started to leave the renal unit; three months later ninety percent of the old employees were gone. Interns on rotation through renal medicine complained about Conrad attitude toward and treatment of them; the roster of residents applying to the service dropped dramatically. Astonished by the realization of how bad the situation had become, the dean and the executive committee had to place Uric back to be the head of the renal unit again. †¢ Major Problem Competition between the Hospital and Medical School †¢ Summary of Recommended Plan of Action The provost administration’s appropriate segregation of duties and responsibilities must be implemented as soon as possible through this the competition could be lessen if officers would be treated equally. Together with the collection and payment of funds for salaries, wages and benefits. Working condition must also be improve to encourage employees motivation and responsibility. II. Statement of the Problem †¢ State the problem facing the manager/key person (Provost) 1. Unusual nature of financial arrangement 2. Inconsistencies between the operation of the hospital and those of medical school 3. Peculiar behavior of Head Renal Unit (Dr. Uric) transplantation disapproval made by NIH and university officials Dr. Uric in a covert position. Improper conveyance of position of Dr. Conrad 5. Lack of communication 6. Dr. Conrad’s disruption of routine †¢ Identify and link the symptoms and root causes of the problem . grant moneys ; because of the financial flexibility, working condition were also frequently better on the medical school side and medical school staff had money for more equipment, more travel and even more parties; salaries for physicians 2. faculty members of the school also operate hospital functions 3. unprofessional (cried openly when patient died); undignified (attachment with patient) it led the discovery of the extending life through kidney transplantation in the most possible way NIH was not satisfied with the compatibility between plant and human cell the proposition made by Dr. Uric in a nursery-supply manufacturer of the pending lawsuit filed to him, which in turn the reputation suffers as viewed by the management 4. Based on the reference letter that Dr. Conrad is inflexible and rather ruthless 5. The officers are in denial of the proper action for complains in deciding administrative manners. 6. There should be a proper training and transposition of assignment and responsibility that should be given to Dr. Conrad from Dr. Uric †¢ Differentiate Short Term to Long Term Better solutions are provided to short term while long term problems were left hanging on the floor. Long term problems are not easily seen. They are sometime have to be observed by people outside the organization to structure the major issues faced by the organization or administration as a whole. Those problems are develop in due time and sometimes they grow much deeper, while however short term problems, sprout easily and in times the concerned people are easily tracked and solutions are immediately provided. †¢ Conclude with the decision facing the manager/key person The problem arise from inappropriate action of the provost in case of the long run problems. While the short term problems were immediately responded to by being contingent. III. Causes of the Problem †¢ Detailed Analysis 1. Plays a major part in the administrative function of the teaching hospital. The contingency inside system of salary and procurement of funds turned things to worst scenario. The physicians who are acting also as faculty members could only get salaries but no money for patient service. Patients paid for professional services, but the revenues went into department funds, which were spent by the discretion of the department chairs. The hospital, on the other hand, turned in all patient revenue incomes to the state. 2. The jobs performed by the physicians and faculty members is not properly divided by the administration that is why time management techniques are also incontinent resulting in the sufferings of either the student/patient service. These peculiarities also lead to competition between the hospital side and school, due to attention spent by the provost to the employees. 3. The research made by Dr. Uric about the fluid which enhances or prolong life made a great impact in the results in changes on the environment of his workplace. Due to the rejection of the NIH with the proposition, he in turn offered it to another who did not question the effectiveness and market of the fluid. When the fluid proved to be true, the NIH, serves as support filed a suit which worsens the situation. The rejection of the NIH might be because of no trust and confidence for Dr. Uric’s ability and knowledge. Having this disputes, we cannot put the blame on the doctor if he offered it to another who he thinks will best appreciate his hardwork. 4. The immediate approval of the transposition of the job to Dr. Conrad that should take time to choose the right personnel.